Chemical Elements and Compounds: Matter Consists of Chemical Elements in Pure Form and in Combinations Called Compounds -
1. Matter - anything that takes up space or has mass
2. Element - substance that can't be broken down by other substances by chemical reactions
3. Compound - substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio Life Requires About 25 Elements -
4. Trace elements - those required by an organism in only minute quantities Atoms and Molecules: Atomic Structure Determines the Behavior of an Element -
5. Atom - smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
6. Atomic Nucleus - center of atom, packed with neutrons and protons
7. Dalton - unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles
8. Atomic Mass - sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
9. Mass # - #of protons in an atom
10. Atomic Weight - approximation of the total mass of an atom
11. Isotope - all atoms of a given element have the same # of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore weigh more
12. Radioactive Isotopes - 1 in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
13. Energy - the ability to do work
14. Potential Energy - energy that matter stores because of it position or location
15. Energy levels - "electron shells", different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom
16. Valence Electrons - electrons in the outermost shell
17. Valence Shell - outermost electron shell
18. Orbital - 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time Atoms Combine by Chemical Bonding to Form Molecules -
19. Chemical Bonds - atoms held together by attraction
20. Covalent Bond - sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
21. Molecule - 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
22. Structual Formula - represents both atoms and bonding
23. Molecular Formula - indicates a molcule consisting of 2 atoms
24. Double Covalent Bond - atoms that share 2 pairs of valence electrons
25. Valence - = the # of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell
26. Electronegativity - attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
27. Nonpolar Covalent Bond - = share of electrons
28. Polar Covalent Bond - one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, there isn't an = share of electrons
29. Ion - charged atom or molecule
30. Cation - charge is positive
31. Anion - charge is negative
32. Ionic Bond - cations and anions attract each other
33. Ionic Compund/Salt - compounds formed by ionic bonds Weak Chemical Bonds Play Important Roles in the Chemistry of Life -
34. Hydrogen Bond - forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom
35. Van Der Waals Interactions - everchanging "hotspots" of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to each other Chemical Reactions Make and Break Chemical Bonds -
36. Chemical Reactions - the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
37. Reactants - starting materials
38. Products - finishing materials Cool Sites to Check Out: Bill Nye Videos on Molecules and Atoms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNjKVe7cC0Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtBm4MkpiJc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEMQLjbJ5bo&feature=related Bill Nye Videos on Chemical Reactions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KGtLz081eI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY2hSp1n6mA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TjxChL0SMA&feature=related Video on atomic number, mass number, and isotopes http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/6294-atomic-number-mass-number-isotopes-video.htm
This Wikispace Was Created by Ariel Atterberry, Ivelina Mitranhova, Craig Moscony, and Alexis Heidlebaugh.
Group WorkChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Chemical Elements and Compounds:
Matter Consists of Chemical Elements in Pure Form and in Combinations Called Compounds -
1. Matter - anything that takes up space or has mass
2. Element - substance that can't be broken down by other substances by chemical reactions
3. Compound - substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
Life Requires About 25 Elements -
4. Trace elements - those required by an organism in only minute quantities
Atoms and Molecules:
Atomic Structure Determines the Behavior of an Element -
5. Atom - smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
6. Atomic Nucleus - center of atom, packed with neutrons and protons
7. Dalton - unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles
8. Atomic Mass - sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
9. Mass # - #of protons in an atom
10. Atomic Weight - approximation of the total mass of an atom
11. Isotope - all atoms of a given element have the same # of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore weigh more
12. Radioactive Isotopes - 1 in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
13. Energy - the ability to do work
14. Potential Energy - energy that matter stores because of it position or location
15. Energy levels - "electron shells", different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom
16. Valence Electrons - electrons in the outermost shell
17. Valence Shell - outermost electron shell
18. Orbital - 3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time
Atoms Combine by Chemical Bonding to Form Molecules -
19. Chemical Bonds - atoms held together by attraction
20. Covalent Bond - sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
21. Molecule - 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
22. Structual Formula - represents both atoms and bonding
23. Molecular Formula - indicates a molcule consisting of 2 atoms
24. Double Covalent Bond - atoms that share 2 pairs of valence electrons
25. Valence - = the # of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell
26. Electronegativity - attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
27. Nonpolar Covalent Bond - = share of electrons
28. Polar Covalent Bond - one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, there isn't an = share of electrons
29. Ion - charged atom or molecule
30. Cation - charge is positive
31. Anion - charge is negative
32. Ionic Bond - cations and anions attract each other
33. Ionic Compund/Salt - compounds formed by ionic bonds
Weak Chemical Bonds Play Important Roles in the Chemistry of Life -
34. Hydrogen Bond - forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom
35. Van Der Waals Interactions - everchanging "hotspots" of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to each other
Chemical Reactions Make and Break Chemical Bonds -
36. Chemical Reactions - the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
37. Reactants - starting materials
38. Products - finishing materials
Cool Sites to Check Out:
Bill Nye Videos on Molecules and Atoms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNjKVe7cC0Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtBm4MkpiJc&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEMQLjbJ5bo&feature=related
Bill Nye Videos on Chemical Reactions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KGtLz081eI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY2hSp1n6mA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TjxChL0SMA&feature=related
Video on atomic number, mass number, and isotopes
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/6294-atomic-number-mass-number-isotopes-video.htm
This Wikispace Was Created by Ariel Atterberry, Ivelina Mitranhova, Craig Moscony, and Alexis Heidlebaugh.